Why 82°30'E has been selected as the Standard Meridian of India ?

 Why 82°30'E has been selected as the Standard Meridian of India ?

Ans : 

From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh, there is a time lag of two hours. Hence, time along the Standard Meridian of India (82°30'E) passing through Mirzapur (in Uttar Pradesh) is taken as the standard time for the whole country. The latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night, as one moves from south to north.

दलबदल कानून क्या है (What is the anti defection law)

 दलबदल कानून क्या है (What is the anti defection law) 

1985 में 52वें संविधान संशोधन के माध्यम से देश में ‘दलबदल विरोधी कानून’ पारित किया गया और इसे संविधान की दसवीं अनुसूची में जोड़ा गया. दरअसल विधायकों के एक पार्टी को छोड़ दूसरी पार्टी में शामिल होने को लेकर राजनीति को लेकर कई सवाल उठने लगे थे. इस कानून का मुख्य उद्देश्य भारतीय राजनीति में दलबदल की कुप्रथा को समाप्त करना था. इस कानून में कई प्रावधान किए गए.

इस कानून के तहत किसी जनप्रतिनिधि को अयोग्य घोषित किया जा सकता है अगर:

• एक निर्वाचित सदस्य स्वेच्छा से किसी राजनीतिक दल की सदस्यता छोड़ देता है.

• कोई निर्दलीय निर्वाचित सदस्य किसी राजनीतिक दल में शामिल हो जाता है.

• किसी सदस्य द्वारा सदन में पार्टी के रुख के विपरीत वोट किया जाता है.

• कोई सदस्य स्वयं को वोटिंग से अलग रखता है.

• छह महीने की अवधि के बाद कोई मनोनीत सदस्य किसी राजनीतिक दल में शामिल हो जाता है.

कानून में हैं ये अपवाद 

अगर किसी पार्टी के दो तिहाई विधायक या सांसद दूसरी पार्टी के साथ जाना चाहें, तो उनकी सदस्यता ख़त्म नहीं होगी. 2003 में इस कानून में संशोधन भी किया गया. जब ये कानून बना तो प्रावधान ये था कि अगर किसी मूल पार्टी में बंटवारा होता है और एक तिहाई विधायक एक नया ग्रुप बनाते हैं, तो उनकी सदस्यता नहीं जाएगी. लेकिन इसके बाद बड़े पैमाने पर दल-बदल हुए और ऐसा महसूस किया कि पार्टी में टूट के प्रावधान का फ़ायदा उठाया जा रहा है. इसलिए ये प्रावधान खत्म कर दिया गया.

इन परिस्थितियों में नहीं लागू होता दलबदल कानून 

• जब पूरी की पूरी राजनीतिक पार्टी अन्य राजनीति पार्टी के साथ मिल जाती है.

•  अगर किसी पार्टी के निर्वाचित सदस्य एक नई पार्टी बना लेते हैं.

• अगर किसी पार्टी के सदस्य दो पार्टियों का विलय स्वीकार नहीं करते और विलय के समय अलग ग्रुप में रहना स्वीकार करते है.

•  जब किसी पार्टी के दो तिहाई सदस्य अलग होकर नई पार्टी में शामिल हो जाते हैं.

What is Diffusion?

Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules under a concentration gradient. It is an important process occurring in all living beings. Diffusion helps in the movement of substances in and out of the cells. The molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until the concentration becomes equal throughout.

Liquid and gases undergo diffusion as the molecules are able to move randomly.

Types of Diffusion

Diffusion is widely used in various fields such as biology, physics, chemistry, etc. Diffusion can be classified into two main types: Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is a passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration by means of a carrier molecule.

Dialysis: It is the diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane. A selectively permeable membrane is one that allows only specific ions and molecules to pass through, while it obstructs the movement of others.

Osmosis: It is the movement of solvent molecules from the region of lower concentration to the region of higher concentration through a semipermeable membrane.  Since water is solvent in every living being, biologists define osmosis as the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. For example, plants take water and minerals from roots with the help of osmosis.

Factors affecting Diffusion

There are a few factors that affect the process of diffusion, which individually and collectively alters the rate and extent of diffusion. These factors include:

Temperature.

Area of Interaction.

Size of the Particle.

The steepness of the concentration gradient.

Examples of Diffusion

A tea bag immersed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water and change its colour.

A spray of perfume or room freshener will get diffused into the air by which we can sense the odour.

Sugar gets dissolved evenly and sweetens the water without having to stir it.

As we light the incense stick, its smoke gets diffused into the air and spreads throughout the room.

By adding boiling water to the dried noodles, the water diffuses causing rehydration and making dried noodles plumper and saturated.

Causes of Diffusion

Diffusion is a natural and physical process, which happens on its own, without stirring or shaking the solutions. Liquid and gases undergo diffusion as the molecules are able to move randomly. The molecules collide with each other and change their direction.

Significance of Diffusion

Diffusion is an important process, which is involved in the different life processes. As mentioned above, it is the net movement of particles, ions, molecules, solution, etc. In all living species, diffusion plays an important role in the movement of the molecules during the metabolic process in the cells.

Diffusion is important for the following reasons:

During the process of respiration, this process helps in diffusing the carbon dioxide gas out through the cell membrane into the blood.

Diffusion also occurs in plant cells. In all green plants, water present in the soil diffuses into plants through their root hair cells.

The movement of ions across the neurons that generates electrical charge is due to diffusion.

Difference between resume and portfolio

RESUME

A resume is a formal document used by people to list their educational background, professional experience, and accomplishments. A standard resume should not be longer than two pages and should include all pertinent career-related information. Regardless of the format, a resume needs to contain the information below:

A brief summary of the candidate's background, accomplishments, and personality should be included in the opening statement [Introduction].

Work experience: List every relevant experience you have here, preferably in reverse chronological order.

List all of your qualifications in reverse chronological order, including any academic and other achievements.

List all of your hard and soft abilities that are pertinent to the position you're applying for. Update as and when you retrain or acquire new skills

PORTFOLIO

A portfolio provides the prospective employer with visual examples of the professional work done through assorted samples. These can be created both in print and digital formats. A portfolio should include:

Statement of originality: One has to state that everything in the portfolio is original and confidential.

Work summary: This section should include details of professional achievements.

Philosophy statement: Candidates should provide insights into their beliefs, values and motivations.

Resume: Remember, the portfolio is not a replacement for your resume. It is always an addition.

Work samples: This is the most important part where candidates provide samples of their best work with charts, articles, plans and more.

Figures of Speech

The following are the major Figures of Speech:

 1. Simile—Simile is a Figure of Speech in which a comparison is made between two objects of different kinds which have, however, at least one point in common. The comparison is expressed by using words like ‘as’ or ‘like’ or ‘so’.

 2. Metaphor—“A Metaphor is a condensed form of simile in which comparison between two different objects is shown without the use of such words as like, as or so.” (Wren)

 3. Personification—“In Personification, inanimate objects and abstract notions are spoken of as having life or intelligence.” (Wren)

 4. Hyperbole—“In Hyperbole a statement is made emphatic by over statement.” (Wren)

 5. Onomatopoeia—“Onomatopoeia is that artifice of language by which the sound of words is made to suggest or echo the sense.” (Nesfield) 

6. Apostrophe—“An Apostrophe is a direct address to the dead, to the absent, or to a personified object or idea.” (Wren) 

7. Oxymoron—“Oxymoron is a special form of antithesis whereby two contradictory qualities are predicted at once of the same thing.” (Wren) 

8. Alliteration—“Alliteration consists in the repetition of the same sound or syllable at the beginning of two or more words.” (Nesfield) 

9. Irony—“Irony is a mode of speech in which the real meaning is exactly the opposite of that which is literally conveyed.’ (Wren)

 10. Pun—“This cosists in a play on the various meanings of a word, and is seldom used except as a joke.” (Nesfield) 

11. Metonymy—“In Metonymy, an object is designated by the name of something which is generally associated with it.” (Wren) 

12. Synecdoche—“In Synecdoche, a part is used to designate the whole, or the whole to designate a part.” (Wren) 

13. Antithesis—“In Antithesis, a striking opposition or contrast of words or sentiments is made in the same sentence. It is employed to secure emphasis.” (Wren) 

14. Transferred Epithet—“In this figure, an epithet is transferred from its proper word to another that is closely associated with it in the sentence.” (Wren)