इन-कैमरा कार्यवाही क्या हैं? What are in-camera proceedings?

 इन-कैमरा कार्यवाही क्या हैं?

What are in-camera proceedings?

खुली अदालत (open court) की कार्यवाही के विपरीत, इन-कैमरा कार्यवाही निजी होती है। संवेदनशील मामलों में शामिल पार्टियों की सुरक्षा और गोपनीयता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए अदालत के विवेकाधिकार के अनुसार इन-कैमरा कार्यवाही

आयोजित की जाती है। कार्यवाही आमतौर पर वीडियो कॉन्फ्रेंसिंग या बंद कक्षों के माध्यम से आयोजित की जाती है, जिससे पब्लिक (आम लोग) और प्रेस को बाहर रखा जाता है। एक खुली अदालत में या खुली न्याय प्रणाली में, जो कार्यवाही का सामान्य तारिका है, प्रेस को रिपोर्ट करने की अनुमति दी जाती है।

आपराधिक प्रक्रिया संहिता की धारा 327 (सीआरपीसी) में उन मामलों के प्रकारों को विस्तृत किया है जिन्हें कैमरे पर दर्ज किया जाना चाहिए, जिसमें बलात्कार के मामले में जांच और ट्रॉयल शामिल है। भारतीय दंड संहिता की धारा 376 (बलात्कार) के तहत दंडनीय विभिन्न अपराधों के लिए इन-कैमरा जांच और परीक्षण की कार्यवाही की जाती है; जिसमें बलात्कार सहित अपराध जो पीड़ित को मानसिक रूप से निष्क्रियता की अवस्था में पहुँचने या मृत्यु कारक हो सकते है, 12 वर्ष से कम आयु के महिला का बलात्कार; अलगाव के दौरान पत्नी के साथ संभोग; अपनी हिरासत में महिला के साथ पब्लिक सर्वेंट द्वारा संभोग; प्राधिकृत व्यक्ति द्वारा संभोग; और वयस्क और अवयस्क महिलाओं से सामूहिक बलात्कार। कानून यह भी निर्धारित करता है कि ऐसे मामलों में, ट्रॉयल जितना संभव हो सके एक महिला न्यायाधीश या मजिस्ट्रेट द्वारा आयोजित किया जाएगा।

सीआरपीसी की धारा 327 में कहा गया है कि अदालत की पिछली अनुमति को छोड़कर इन-कैमरा कार्यवाही के किसी भी मामले को प्रकाशित करना वैध नहीं होगा। बलात्कार के अपराध के लिए ट्रॉयल प्रोसिडिंग के प्रकाशन पर प्रतिबंध पार्टियों के नाम और पते की गोपनीयता बनाए रखने के शर्त पर किया जा सकता है।

अन्य मामले जिसमें में इन-कैमरा कार्यवाही आयोजित की जाती है?

इन-कैमरा कार्यवाही आमतौर पर वैवाहिक विवादों के मामलों में पारिवारिक अदालतों में आयोजित की जाती है, जिसमें न्यायिक पृथक्करण (judicial separation), तलाक की कार्यवाही, नपुंसकता, आदि शामिल हैं। इन-कैमरा कार्यवाही को अदालत के विवेकानुसार आतंकवादी गतिविधियों के गवाहों के बयान के दौरान भी आयोजित किया जाता है, ताकि उनकी रक्षा और राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा बनाए रखा जा सके।

What is the periodicity concept?

What is the periodicity concept?

Can you describe the periodicity concept with an example?

What is the importance of the periodicity concept?

How does the Periodicity concepts work?

Further Faqs related to periodicity concepts

What is the periodicity concept?

The periodicity concept states that an organization can report its financial statements within certain selected periods of time. It means that an entity consistently reports its results in financial statements on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. We generally follow from 1st April of a year to 31st March of the immediately following year. These time periods are kept the same over time, for the sake of comparability. For example, if the reporting period for the current year is set at calendar months, then the same periods should be used in the next year so that the results of the two years can be compared on a month-to-month basis.

Can you describe the periodicity concept with an example?

The periodicity concept is also called the concept of a specific accounting period. As per the going concern concept, an unspecified life of the entity is assumed. For a business entity, it causes inconvenience to measure performance achieved by the entity in the normal course of business.

If a cloth mill lasts for 90 years, it is not desirable to measure its performance as well as financial position only at the end of its life. So a small but workable fraction of time is chosen out of the infinite life cycle of the business entity for measuring performance and looking at the financial position. Generally, one year period is taken up for performance measurement and appraisal of financial position. However, it may also be 6 months or 9 months, or 15 months.

According to this concept, accounts should be prepared after every period & not at the end of the life of the entity. Usually, this period is one calendar year. We generally follow from 1st April of a year to 31st March of the immediately following year.

Thus, for performance appraisal, it is not necessary to look into the revenue and expenses of an unduly long time frame. This concept makes the accounting system workable and the term ‘accrual’ meaningful. If one thinks of an indefinite time frame, nothing will accrue. There cannot be unpaid expenses and non-receipt of revenue. Accrued expenses or accrued revenue is only with reference to a finite time frame which is called the accounting period.

What is the importance of the periodicity concept?

These are the importance of the periodicity concept in accounting to finalize accounts-

Comparing of financial statements of different periods

Uniform and consistent accounting treatment for ascertaining the profit and assets of the business

Matching periodic revenues with expenses for getting correct results of the business operations

Financial statement of a particular year or specified period.

How does the Periodicity concepts work?

This concept keeps an important role in the finalization of accounts of a specific period-

it gives a financial position of certain period.

financial statement made for a financial year which 01 april to 31 march.

All the stakeholders- owners, suppliers, customers, management, and government can access all accounting information which is required regularly.

This concept says break the life of a business into equal pieces and each piece (period) is known as accounting period.

It can be

3 month

6 month

9 month

12 month

but generally it is 1 year such as 01 april to 31 march, 01 jan to 31 dec, 01 july to 30 june.

So we prepare financial statement at the end of the accounting period and we don’t change accounting period, same period is used contstaintly.

What is the definition of the periodicity concept?

The periodicity concept states that accounts should be prepared after every period & not at the end of the life of the entity. Usually, this period is one calendar year. We generally follow from 1st April of a year to 31st March of the immediately following year.

What happens when the periodicity concept is not observed?

This concept ensures that a specific period is required to see the financial position of a business. And if it is not specified in a period then it will be difficult to compare the financial statement of the different two periods. And will be unable to get correct results.

What is the significance of the periodicity concept?

The periodicity assumption states that an organization can report its financial results within certain designated periods of time. This typically means that an entity consistently reports its results and cash flows on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis.

What is the description of the Periodicity Concept?

The periodicity concept states that the entity or the business needs to carry out the accounting for a definite period, usually the financial year. The period for drawing financial statements can vary from monthly to quarterly to annually. It helps in identifying any changes occurring over different periods.

METHODS OF ACCOUNTING

METHODS OF ACCOUNTING 

Financial accounting follows any of three methods for maintaining books of accounts. Viz. cash method ii) Accrual method and iii) Hybrid method. 

Cash Method : Under this method only those expenditures/incomes which are actually paid/ received during the accounting year are recorded irrespective of whether accrued or not. This method is widely used by the public utility undertakings. 

Accrual Method (Mercantile Method) : Under this method, all those expenditures/incomes which are accrued, irrespective of actual receipt/payment, during the accounting year are recorded. This method is widely used by the business organizations. 

Hybrid Method : It is a combination of both cash and accrual methods. Under this method, some transactions are recorded on cash basis and some other transactions are recorded on the accrual basis. This method is rarely used.

What is Conservatism Concept?

What is Conservatism Concept?

The conservatism concept is a concept in accounting which refers to the idea that expenses and liabilities should be recognised as soon as possible in a situation where there is uncertainty about the possible outcome and in contrast record assets and revenues only when they are assured to be received.

In other words, the principle of conservatism states that, if an accountant has two possible outcomes for any accounting issue, then the accountant must choose that outcome which is most conservative or has the least possible chance of profit.

In the worst case scenario, the company should report assets and revenues at understated figures while overstating the liabilities and expenses.

Impact of Conservatism concept on Financial Statements

Following are some of the impacts of conservatism concept on financial statements:

1. It states that a company must always follow the most conservative side of a financial transaction, which can be done by minimising the profits (by recording uncertain liabilities and expenses and not recognising uncertain gains)

2. In case of casual losses, doubtful debts or any such future events that are uncertain in nature, the error should be done on the side of conservatism. It means that accountants should focus on recording more of estimated expenses and less of assets.

3. This concept helps in showing a true view of the financial position and the path of the business in future.

Advantages of the Conservatism Concept

Here are some of the advantages of the conservatism concept:

1. It helps stakeholders in determining the financial position of the company.

2. It provides a positive impact on the book value of the company when compared to its market value.

3. It helps investors in measuring the performance of the company more accurately and also across different periods.

Disadvantages of the Conservatism Concept

Some of the disadvantages of the conservatism concept are as follows:

1. It underestimates the company’s future value.

2. It will result in increasing the written down value of the company.

3. It promotes revenue shifting, which means a transaction can be pushed back into the next accounting period, if it is found to be not meeting the requirements for the current reporting period.

Accrual concept

Accrual concept

According to this concept, a transaction is recorded at the time, it takes place and not at the time when settlement is done.

In other words,revenue is recorded when sales are made or services are rendered and it is irrelevant as to when cash is received against such sales. Similarly, expenses are recorded at the time when they are incurred and it is irrelevant as to when payment is made in cash for such expenses.

Thus, to find out correct profit and to show a true financial position of an enterprise at the end of accounting period, all expenses and income belonging to that particular accounting period are shown whether cash has been paid or received or not.

Example Goods are sold to Raju on 1st January 2016 on a credit of 3 months. In this instance, a sale will be recorded on 1st January 2016 although the amount will be received on 1st April 2016.